Educational Issues and Special Education Needs Essay

Educational Issues and Special Education Needs - Essay Example This was replaced by a revised version which was issued in 2001, coming into effect in January 2002 (DFES 2001). The nature of provision for special educational needs has changed drastically over the last few years following the Warnock Report and the 1981 Education Act, with an increased awareness of educational needs and a consonant focus on improving the quality of provision for much larger numbers of children (Griffiths, 1998, 95 in Quicke, 2007, 2-15). This implies improvement of education of all and specially of those with special needs that would impart knowledge and power to all (QCA/DfEE, 2001). Department of Health has recently published a White Paper for people with learning disabilities in 2001 (Department of Health, 2001, 1-10). The United Kingdom has separate educational systems for England and Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland. As far as education is concerned, the countries are split up into so-called local education authorities that carry a large part of the responsibility for organising education at local level. Historically, for a long time, England and Wales had separate systems for regular and special education. Since the Warnock Report in 1978, it has been assumed in the UK that about 20 per cent of school-aged children will have special educational needs requiring additional help at some point in their school careers. Furthermore, approximately 2 per cent of children will have severe physical, sensory, intellectual or emotional difficulties, some of which will remain with them throughout their lives. Historically this 2 per cent of children have been exclud ed from mainstream schools, receiving their education in special schools instead. In recent years, a growing sense of injustice regarding the idea of segregated special schooling for these pupils has led to calls for more inclusive educational opportunities as a matter of human right and equal opportunity (Amatea, 1988, 174-183). By the Education Acts 1981 and 1993, which latter consolidated into the Education Act 1996, the policy of parental choice in the field of special educational needs has in most respects been merely built on key recommendations in the Warnock Report in 1978, namely that the education system should pay heed to parental knowledge about their child's needs and respect parental wishes regarding the child's education (Farrell, 2001, 3-9). Warnock's other recommendation was to integrate the education, meaning pupils with special educational needs should, as far as possible, be educated alongside other children in mainstream schools (Lewis, 2004, 3-9). In relation to this, this process must acknowledge the diversity of needs of all students creating opportunity to support learning of all students inclusive of those who have impairments or needs for special educations. While the White Paper was explicitly a response of the authorities from the concerns to promote better life chances for people with special needs for education, it identifies the many barriers that such children and their families face in fully participating in their communities. This paper promotes the benefits to be

Milk-Run Essay Example for Free

Milk-Run Essay In logistics, a milk run is a round trip which facilitates both distribution and collection. Milk run The terms are defined by the customer or by the service providers. Here, the exact number of suppliers, each of which defines the available volume and weight, and the time window for collection from the respective suppliers and the time window for delivery to the customer. With consistent planning, capacity increases to an average of 90 percent can be achieved. On the round trips are either goods collected from several suppliers and transported to one customer, or goods collected from one supplier an transported to to several customers. In contrast to the groupage traffic, here is no handling, but only to transport the goods. Something more specialist, the Milk-run is described as a concept that is a sequential collection of goods from multiple sources and the direct service to the customers without intermediate handling features of the goods. As a prerequisite for the Milk-Run approach is the spatial proximity between the supplier and the customer. The procedure for development of a Milk-Run-Concept consists of the following steps: Fixation of weight and volume of suppliers in a particular region. Selection of potential Milk-Run-Suppliers based on the maximum amount of charge, delivery frequency as although volume and weight limits. Selection of Milk-Run-Suppliers because of the conditions and the Milk-Run potential. Definition of Milk-Run-Parameters to the weight and volume limits, time slots, delivery frequency and maximum number of Milk-Run-Suppliers. Development and evaluation of Milk-Run-Alternatives. Specification of the Milk-Runs with respect to the fourth point under these parameters, plus the necessary contingency plans. Implementation of the Milk-Runs: Definition of a Milk-Run-Schedule, conduct supplier workshops, testing and Milk-Run-Controlling. The main benefit of Milk Runs is, according to common opinion in the literature, in the higher utilization of trucks and the resulting reduction of transport costs by up to 30 percent. In addition, the reduction of stock, both at the supplier side and at the customer side, avoidance in delays at the loading ramp, due to the consolidation of several suppliers and the specified time windows, high security planning and integration of reusable container recycling. In literature completely ignored is the less pollution of the environment, both by consolidation and the resulting higher utilization of trucks, and by the reduction of transportation vehicles, compared to JIT or groupage traffic. The disadvantages of the Milk-Run-Concept are the following points: Not all suppliers are able to implement a Milk run. The increasing dependence on road conditions. In the case of poor planning, the number of extra trips can increase, and lead to additional costs. History The phrase milk run originates in American culture, with the distribution of milk bottles by the milkman. On his daily route, the milkman simultaneously distributes the full bottles and collects the empty bottles. [6] After the completion of round trip, he returned with the empties back to the starting point. Another source is located in agriculture of the 20th Century. Until the 90s, in smaller communes, there were small collection points for milk. Since most farms had very little dairy, it was not economical for dairies to drive every single operation. Thus, the milk was transported by farmers to collection points and collected there. The milk truck then drove to the collection points ordinarily every two days at a predetermined number of collection points in a fixed order and transported the milk to the dairy. In the context of logistics in 1995, first mentioned by Meusel, that by identifying potential circular tours, the utilization of trucks could be increased and logistics costs could be reduced. Differentiation from groupage traffic The currently dominant in practice distribution concept is the groupage traffic. In contrast to the round trip, is at groupage traffic cargo collected from a logistics company at the supplier and transported to the transshipment points. There, the cargo will be consolidated and transported to the customer. This type of transport is divided into 2 cycles:[8] Pre-Run: From the suppliers to the transshipment points. Main-Run: Transportation of consolidated goods from the transshipment points to the customer. In this concept, the average utilization of transport amounts to 60-70 percent. The resulting costs and CO? emissions from empty tours and extra tours, as although bad utilized transport, are from an environmental and economic point a disadvantage.

Superconductors :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I am writing to inform you of a recent economic opportunity that could leave you rich if you choose to invest. The prospect of wealth relies on superconductors- the system of the future and present. You could earn millions by contributing to the research of superconductors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Superconductors consist of an element, inter-metallic alloy, or compound that will conduct electricity without resistance (loss of energy flowing through the material) below a certain temperature. Once in motion, electrical current will flow forever in a closed loop of superconducting material, hence the high demand of such a product.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The development of superconductors has been a working progress for many years and some superconductors are already in use, but there is always room for improvement. In 1911, Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes first discovered superconductivity when he cooled mercury to 4 degrees K (-452.47 º F / -269.15 º C). At this temperature, mercury’s resistance to electricity seemed to disappear. Hence, it was necessary for Onnes to come within 4 degrees of the coldest temperature that is theoretically attainable to witness the phenomenon of superconductivity. Later, in 1933 Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that a superconducting material will repel a magnetic field. A magnet moving by a conductor induces currents in the conductor, which is the principle upon which the electric generator operates. However, in a superconductor the induced currents exactly mirror the field that would have otherwise penetrated the superconducting material - causin g the magnet to be repulsed- known today as the â€Å"Meissner effect.† The Meissner effect is so strong that a magnet can actually be levitated over a superconductive material, which increases the use of superconductors. After many other superconducting elements, compounds, and theories related to superconductivity were developed or discovered a great breakthrough was made. In 1986, Alex Muller and Georg Bednorz invented a ceramic substance which superconducted at the highest temperature then known: 30 K (-243.15 º C). This discovery was remarkable because ceramics are normally insulators – they do not conduct electricity well. Since their discovery the highest temperature for superconductivity to occur is 138 K (-130.15 º C).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The uses of superconductors are innumerable. They are used in the medical field often, so their use if valuable to common citizens such as yourself and me. Their uses medically include MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) so that doctors do not have to invade the human body for exams, as well as speeding the results of the exams to almost instant information.

Progressive Reform and Howe Essay -- essays research papers

Lourdes Vazquez Section 1I Question 3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Changing America People face change in many ways. Some embrace it, some run from it, and some don’t even notice it. Change surrounds us every moment of every day; change is constant. Change is one of the words the words that can be used to describe America as it moved into the twentieth century; change was everywhere as the nineteenth century gave way to the roaring twentieth. This change however was radical as the people off this time witnessed a world which they had once known and cherished vanish before their eyes only to be replaced by big business, corrupt politics, and horrid working conditions. In response to all this many citizens decided that they too would make changes. These people were known as progressives and though they differed in what they felt needed to be done to address all the change that surrounded them, they were still a set of people who embraced the idea of not simply making changes, but making them for the better of all versus a select few. As with any story, that of the progressive era, has not one, nor two, nor even three sides but many. Despite the many views manifested by the progressives, the movement itself was one that greatly affected American life and is thus a vital and utile historical concept. The word progress suggests moving forward or making improvements, thus it can be said that the progressive movement was just that, an effort to move onward; onward to reform and away from the detrimental effects that industrialization had brought upon the nation. Political machines were running cities, big business was controlling everything, and the working conditions people had to endure to scratch out a living were atrocious. America was filled with ideas and concepts its people had never seen before. Small businesses were crushed by big ones as there existed no legislation to regulate them. The nation had always maintained a laissez-faire philosophy when dealing with the business and was having difficulty in doing otherwise. Likewise businesses were not cooperative as they did not see any reason for changing the hands-off policy America had been founded on. America had never seen industrialized labor before either. Everything had always been done on the farm, for a couple of peop le, not a couple hundred. The government in general had always had very hands off... ...tself. In all however, it was these many changes, as different and as spread out as they were, that define an era filled with change, changing lifestyle, changing family structure, a changing workplace, changing businesses, and changing cities. People had no choice but to confront these changes with changes of their own. Was there a typical type of person who confronted this change? No it takes all kinds and the progressive era was no exception. In fact, what made the progressive era so effective was the myriad of people who define it. The many ideas and concepts possessed by reformers of the country came together to meet political corruption, big business, and labor disputes head on.. All these issues were handled in different ways, with different philosophies, but they were handled nonetheless. How can the progressive era not be seen as a historical concept? A concept is not a strict or rigid idea, it is just that, a concept, a loose idea under which many similar ones may fall, for when it was all said and done, reforms were made, and more changes took place, until America’s people had somehow responded to all the changes that have helped shaped it into the nation it is today.

Does Globalization Unite or Separate Us?

Does Globalization unite or separate us? If we find out about the term â€Å"Globalization† in different dictionaries we can realize that there are too many meanings like â€Å"the increase of trade around the world, especially by large companies producing and trading goods in many different countries† or â€Å"when available good and services, or social and cultural influences, gradually become similar in all parts of the world†. So, does Globalization unite or separate us? There are two opposite positions, good and bad, of the effects of Globalization.But, I think, there is a third one: Globalization is good because enriches culture in many aspects, but we have to be careful about using the new communication technologies because we can lose the habit of talking face to face. With the meanings mentioned above, we can discern that Globalization is a phenomenon that involves the development of transportation and communication. Thanks to these advances emerged the worldwide production markets and we can access to a range of foreign products that previously we cannot consume.International trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95 billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. As this example, there are too many aspects the Globalization affects to our life in a good way like information, job market, culture, competition, politic, finance, social, etc. However, answering the principal question, I think we have to focus on the social side. It was clearly exposed that the Globalization facilitates de relations between countries. But, what about personal relations?In the last years, we have seen an explosive growth of social networks (MSN, Facebook, Twitter, My Space, Skype, LinkedIn, etc. ) that are very easy to use and allow us to communicate with people around the world. To prove this, there are shocking numbers. In 2010, Facebook reached 500 million users and the number of monthly users in Skype was 124 million. With this numbers, I want to explain that the effects of Globalization are very useful to unite people from different parts of the world.On the other hand, we have people who live very close. The same social network phenomenon has a negative side. Many people are replacing face-to-face conversation with a relationship via chat. I think this situation is very harmful to the proper development of social skills that anyone should have, which could trigger a major social crisis in a medium-term future. Even today, a new study suggests that spend time surfing the Internet for many hours would be associated with depression.Also, there is another dangerous collateral effect: the sedentarism. Physical inactivity is one of the 10 leading causes of death worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that by 2030 secondary disease mortality will be 65% of total deaths. So, does Globalization unite or separate us? I think that the positive effects of Globalization make our life much easier. But, we have to pay attention to the other side. We must return to the customs of the old-school: talking face-to-face to share and solve our problems.If we do not correct the direction we could finish in a serious social problem that will be very difficult to fix. We are still on time for Globalization means only good news in this aspect. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Cambridge Dictionaries Online [ 2 ]. â€Å"Globalisation shakes the world†. BBC News. [ 3 ]. http://www. facebook. com/press/info. php? statistics [ 4 ]. http://blogs. skype. com/es/2010/08/ [ 5 ]. Sociedad Chilena de Pediatria, website, published 02/25/2011 [ 6 ]. World Health Organization – Data and Statistics

About Robert A.M. Stern, Classically Postmodern

About Robert A.M. Stern, Classically Postmodern Hes been called a Postmodernist and also a New Urbanist. He may be a Modern Traditionalist and a New Classicist.   Robert A.M. Stern, certainly a Master Planner and architect/teacher of the 21st century, designs seemingly simple buildings that express affection for the past. Background: Born: May 23, 1939, New York City Full Name: Robert Arthur Morton Stern Education: 1960: Columbia, Bachelors degree1965: Yale, Masters degree in architecture Selected Buildings: 1990: Disney Beach Club Resort, Florida1990: Disney Yacht Club Resort, Florida1993: Norman Rockwell Museum, Stockbridge, Massachusetts1996: Disney Boardwalk Resort, Florida1998: Celebration Health, a healthcare facility for Celebration, Florida2003: The Museum Center, The Mark Twain House2004: Miami Beach Library, Miami Beach, Florida2005: Jacksonville Public Library, Florida2006: Federal Courthouse for Richmond, Virginia2008: 15 Central Park West, residential, NYC2008: International Quilt Study Center and Museum, University of Nebraska-Lincoln2010: One Museum Mile at 1280 Fifth Avenue atop the Museum for African Art, New York City2013: George W. Bush Presidential Center and Library, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas2016: 30 Park Place (formerly known as 99 Church Street), residential, Tribeca, NYC Product Design: The firm of Robert A.M. Stern Architects employs hundreds of architects, interior designers, and support staff. Product designs include furniture, lighting, fabrics, and other decorative household items. Visit Robert A.M. Stern Architects, LLP for information on product furnishings as well as an extensive display of architectural projects. Urban Planning: Although well-known for his house designs, Robert A.M. Stern has been involved in vast urban planning projects such as the 1992 renovation of 42nd Street theater block in New York City. Along with architect Jaquelin Robertson, Robert A.M. Stern was the master planner for Celebration, Florida. Other Works: Robert A.M. Stern has served as dean for the Yale School of Architecture since 1998. Stern has written or edited dozens of books about design, including the PBS television series and companion book Pride of Place: Building the American Dream. Books by Stern and Partners at Robert A.M. Stern Architects (RAMSA): Robert A. M. Stern: Houses and Gardens, Monacelli Press, 2005Robert A. M. Stern: Buildings Projects 2004-2009, Monacelli Press, 2009Robert A. M. Stern: Buildings and Projects 1999-2003, Monacelli Press, 2004Robert A. M. Stern Architects: Buildings and Projects 2010-2014, Monacelli Press, 2015Robert A. M. Stern: On Campus, Monacelli Press, 2010Designs for Living: Houses by Robert A. M. Stern Architects, Monacelli Press, 2014 Related People: After graduating from Yale, Stern briefly worked as a designer in the office of architect Richard Meier.Architect and urban designer Andres Duany once worked for Stern.Tom Piper of the Checkerboard Film Foundation made a documentary film in 2011 entitled Robert A.M Stern: 15 Central Park West and the History of the New York Apartment HouseBuy on Amazon Robert A.M. Stern Architects, LLP: RAMSA460 West 34th StreetNew York, NY 10001 Web Site:Robert A.M. Stern Architects, LLP About Robert A. M. Stern: New York architect Robert A. M. Stern takes history to heart. A postmodernist, he creates buildings that express affection for the past. Stern served on The Walt Disney Company Board of Directors from 1992 to 2003 and has designed many buildings for The Walt Disney Company. Robert A.M. Sterns Boardwalk at Disney World suggests an American seaside village from the early 20th century. The buildings illustrate the evolution of architectural styles from the Victorian to the Vienna Secessionist movement. The mini-village is not intended to be historically exact rather, it presents a dream-like walk past artifacts from several eras. There is an ice cream parlor, a piano bar, a 1930s dance hall, a vintage roller-coaster, and an authentic 1920s carousel. Across Crescent Lake from Boardwalk, the Yacht and Beach Club hotels were also designed by Robert A.M. Stern. The Yacht Club is modeled after Victorian Shingle architecture, a rustic yet elegant fashion on Americas Atlantic coast at the turn of the century. The Beach Club is an informal, sprawling wood structure which also reflects 19th century American resort architecture. When Stern envisioned the Casting Center, an employee training area on Route I-4 near Orlando, Florida, he wanted to express the spirit of Disney, and also to reflect the Florida locale. The result is a building that resembles a Venetian Palazzo, yet contains whimsical Disneyesque details. Hence, classical columns are topped with gold leaf Disney characters.

We Dont See Things As They Are; We See Them As We Are

We Dont See Things As They Are; We See Them As We Are Introduction People will seldom experience absolute truth. What is perceived and heard is the basis for a conclusion that is made. The act of seeing and hearing gives the experience required to make a final decision. For instance, the magician as an entertainer deliberately focuses the acts on the audience perception. The audience way of perceiving the acts suggest the occurrence as impossible and thus the ability to have the magic acts. (82)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on We Dont See Things As They Are; We See Them As We Are specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The act of perceiving things as we are instead of as they are is observable in our daily lives for instance if control over one issue is overtaken by another urgent one then the perception is from the mind or thoughts. Considering the scenario where a man fails to control his children in the public until they become annoyance to others may be acting so because o f other thoughts that may be disturbing the mind such as illness or death of the wife, or job related issues. The people who the children annoy would chaotically confront this person because as per their thoughts, he must be ignorant to a point of not controlling the children. They are not in a position to see the issues as they are because their perception only focuses on the children. At the workplace, the same perception of things as we are other than as they are is noticeable. People make assumptions about state of affairs of fellow workmates basing them on past experiences which have no relationship or are not relevant to the present undertakings or situation. The expectations are always different when the assumptions were based on the past wrong premises are used. (Warren and Warren, 41) On the example of the workplace, majority of the employees would pick the salary, allowances, bonuses and benefits are more important factors for a job as opposed to interest, decision making, training, feedback or respect. In the same work setting, if managers are asked what the motivators to their work would be, most of them would choose to first rank the money items such as interest, decision making, benefits, perquisites and respect. This is a clear indication that they lack appreciation of the workforce. What they will be undertaking in the firms would be wrong because they have attitude created by the environment. This makes them not to understand the needs of the workforce but think as per believes that might be there. They ought to understand or be made to that the great divide between their thinking criteria and the workforce is output demand. The manager’s decision is erroneous based on demand from the workforce. If a manager is able to understand that this difference exists, then it is possible to have a manager continue the managerial tasks without contradicting the organizational needs. Based on decisions making, the decisions concerning the company o ught to be supportive to the support staff thus the manager must inquire for their thoughts over the importance.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These methods of inquiry criteria enables the managers to practically fan-out the workforce real needs and by asking them, the manager promote rapport and group participation over decision-making procedures and this means that they are able to take ownership of the organization. The simplest perceptions are a basis for some assumptions, which are out of sight. According to Warren and Warren (41), the questions one should ask are whether the mind natures the world in accordance with requests of knowledge, if culture limits insight or understanding and whether human beings experience comparable realities. In the world of scientist, they use knowledge to come-up with evidence for approval and disapproval of theories. It is the need to understand that drives the breakthroughs. The already acquired knowledge brings-out supportive objective truth. The scientist understanding is the basis for discoveries in the world today. They utilize it to bring out objective truth for the societal benefit. Existence of a basis for an argument is a stepping-stone for the scientist to claim correctness and thus the ability to support it as a scientific fact that is independent of human thought or feelings. This applies even when the emotions and perceptions dominate the argument. Knowledge is the control to reality. The mind can only comprehend what one exposes to it when viewing something that is explicable and this is an indication that human mind seeks experience to solve issues. Ways of knowing There are innumerable paradigms of perception, used in understanding reality. People often think that their chosen opinion is right but there are many shortcomings or contradictions even over the most treasured explanations. This raises the question over preference of choice. Arguably, the choice depends on the various methods of knowing. The philosophy is concern with the abstract mind, which helps in the way of thinking about and understanding the natural history of reality as opposed to jumping into conclusions. Rationalism calls for one to reject realities that lack immediate evidence. The emotion way of knowing is concern with psychophysical techniques and language calls for a level of wisdom and understanding. (Allan and Evans, 165) Some of the life assumptions that premise articulation and exploration of cultural, value and processes include the facts that personal values create identity and informs why or how things are the way they are, determines experiences of the world and influences the fundamental professional choices and practices. The world constructs the personal values and the culture in which people operate affects personal identity or these values.Advertising We will write a custom essa y sample on We Dont See Things As They Are; We See Them As We Are specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sometimes the culture compromises cultural personal values. Tension, stress and conflict can arise when the dominant paradigm such as personal values are challenged. Other than considering it as a way of acquiring communicative means, acquisition of language entails use of senses, personal reasoning and feelings. â€Å"How religion affects peoples understanding of things† Considering a workgroup made of members who share common goals and personal values as the drive for attending to clients, some of the similarities ought to employ for catering of the differences. Such a team should have the client centred practice where the focus is the clients who are treated as experts or determinants for the future of the group. The belief on this setup is that people choose growth and the clients should have the freedom to understand their own situa tion and determine their future. This is enforcement of client independence where the service group only assists in decision-making. Some of the common personal values the team may have include equity. This calls for a common personal value that allows equitable treatment of clients accessing support. The value of equity is achievable through quality education. Education helps one to become informed, understand opportunities, choices or responsibilities. Secondly, there is need for provision of information. To promote equity for such a workgroup people ought to be well-up about participating in the decision-making procedures. Requirements for promoting culturally constructed service delivery unit include accountability or support. In line with Allan and Evans, (152) common values should not compromise relevance and legitimacy of members of the group. The values need to be explicitly understood when people from diverse cultural groups are interacting or working as a unit. Such team m embers would face great challenges concerning how to react in a culturally responsive manner and still maintain truthfulness over personal values. The field of human service is full of tension brought about by cultural differences and believes. Expectation is for members to maintain similarity of services but at the same time, there should be enough flexibility to cater for individual differences and needs.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The main issue of concern is that people tend to see similar things but perceive them in different ways due to the differences in unique aspects of life such as understanding or the way used to know and interpret the outcome. The personal unique ways of perception to life and different knowledge are the factors that bring about the differences in understanding. Some of the factors may also include the life experiences, cultural differences, gender, religion and personality. The experience is a huge contributor to decision making. Bad experience makes someone avoid repeating the act or task while good ones catalyze decision-making procedures. Different personally give different perceptions. The gender differences affect emotions thus making people to react and make decisions based on their emotions. Religious and cultural values effect the way people react by catalyzing believes or devout teachings. These aspects would make us conclude that seeing things the way we are oth er than the way they are depends on the way our practices are, how personal values shape them and the amount of pressure between the values and our efforts in enlightening response. Allan, George and Evans, Malcolm D. A different three Rs for education: reason, Relationally. Amsterdam/New York, NY: Rodopi, 2006, VII, 192 pp. Danesi, Marcel. Of cigarettes, high heels, and other interesting things: an Introduction to semiotics Semaphores and signs. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999 Warren, Rick and Warren, Richard. The purpose-driven life: what am I Here for? Issue 1 of Purpose Driven Life Series Volume 1 of Purpose Driven(r) Life the Purpose Driven(r) Life. Zondervan, 2002

Running Free, But Still Fenced essays

Running Free, But Still Fenced essays A look at the evolution of Chinese womens Tradition When a person sees a horse running in a field their first thought is, it would be nice to be that free. A horse in a field gives the impression of having no problems no boundaries. This is a sad misjudgment. If people would just look at the fence surrounding the field, they would see that the horse is only given the appearance of being free. This statement seems to summarize the plight of Ning Lao Tai-tai, in Ida Pruitts book A Daughter of Han. Pruitt shows the evolution of Ning from a common, traditional, Chinese woman into what some would see as a very independent one in Chinese standards. Through chronicling the many stories told by Ning, Pruitt is able to show the life of a woman that has lived to see early and late imperialism come and go. The purpose of this essay is to show that Nings progression of independence was no more Ning was born in the city of Penglai to a family of three children. At the beginning of her life Ning clearly did not have a good out look on her future. The destiny determined for me by Heaven was not a good one (Ida Pruitt, 12).1 Her father was an educated man, but did not posses the skill necessary to be a successful businessperson. Ning clearly gained her first knowledge of womens place in society from her father. She explained this is a peculiar way; They did not begin to bind my feet until I was seven because I loved so much to run and play (Ida Pruitt, 22).2 This is the first example given by Pruitt that shows the pain and suffering a Chinese women had 1 Ida Pruitt. A Daughter of Han, (Stanford University Press, Stanford, California, 1967), Foot binding is a horrible process in which the feet were wrapped with bandages. These bandages were wrapped so tight that it actually broke bones in the feet. In China beaut...

Privatizing of Social Security Payroll Taxes Essay

Privatizing of Social Security Payroll Taxes - Essay Example It is globally agreed by citizen that there should be prudent financial planning by the government who has got for duty to maintain an acceptable level of reserves. It is accepted that privatising social security could be a huge undertaking but its profitability could be as equally huge. Social security payroll taxes should provide with enormous income in terms of finance though opinions are divided with a large pool of thinkers trying to push rightly or erroneously the idea of privatisation. Moreover, the pools of individuals who are to benefit from social security aids are increasing considerably every year. This is particularly true with the aging up of general population there should be an attempt to ensure that there is no dismantlement in the actual state of social security policy. Rather, effort should be supplied in the attempt to higher up the social security grants with the event of overall commodity item price increase associated to the unprecedented oil crisis. It is observed however, that in relative measures of effectiveness privately owned enterprises performs better than public services as in the case of actual social security services.

The Rape of the Lock Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Rape of the Lock - Essay Example It answer the â€Å"what is it trying to say† instead of the â€Å"what does it literally say?† questions. In The Rape of the Lock we see many lines of pros. Every line has its reason and purpose and can be explicated and analyzed for a better understanding of the text. In The Rape of the Lock, part 1 line 11, we see that a question is asked. It is prefaced by a Lord being refused by a young lady, Belinda. It reads: And dwells such Rage in softest Bosoms then? To explicate this poem one must first look at the line word for word. When you explicate something, you basically spell out what it is saying. You do not use imagery or the senses. You flat out quote it literally. â€Å"And dwells such Rage in softest Bosoms then?† This line clearly means that rage takes up residence in Belinda’s chest. The Rape of the Lock, part 1 line 11 is beautifully prefaced with an unfolding story. This story is written in pros and has a rhyming scheme that is most commonly kno wn as a couplet in iambic pentameter. Using all the senses one has in their body, one tries to analyze this line of poetry. It may seem simple, because of the length, but unless you delve deep into the time period, the mind of the poet and the reason and background, it will be hard to understand each line, much less the entire poem. Analysis does not take the line in the literal form.

Harlem Renaissance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Harlem Renaissance - Research Paper Example The participants also wanted to eliminate the influence of Victorian society principles that propagated racial discrimination. The movement created the basis for African American culture development and greatly influenced the attitude towards blacks in the whole world. Harlem, the district of the New York City, was the heart of the movement. The Harlem Renaissance also affected the social life of blacks, because a bit later, in 1940-50, many blacks moved to northern American cities that testified about the improvement of their social influence and the development of their cultural and social life. There were also many organizations created in order to defend and promote the rights and freedoms of African Americans, to inspire blacks and to remind them about their cultural identity (Huggins). As a result, African Americans found the way to such big centers as Paris and New York City and, what is the most important, they managed to unite and support each other on their way to cultural revival. The influence the Harlem Renaissance had on social sphere made this period of cultural development unique in the world history. Not only fiction literature was created during this period but also a great number of social magazines and newspapers were issued. â€Å"The Crisis†, â€Å"Opportunity†, â€Å"Negro World† are among them. ... It is interesting that Harlem was the place of white people residence, and when the movement was created, it turned into a residence of black people. Certainly, this was a kind of a victory and as a result other regions of the New York, which were close to Harlem, also became full of blacks. African American intellectuals from other American cities came to Harlem to live or just to meet each other. Such unity played a very important role as it helped revive African American cultural identity and make whites respect them and their culture (Patton). The Harlem Renaissance presented American history with many outstanding personalities. The poet Langston Hughes (1902-1967)  became famous after his publications in â€Å"The Crisis†, the famous magazine in Harlem Renaissance period. His poems helped shed the light on the real life of African Americans and contained hard critics of the prejudices and racial discrimination. His poems called African Americans upon to stop despise the ir own culture, to start respect themselves, to build their cultural identity and make whites also respect them. He wrote â€Å"the night is beautiful, so the faces of my people, the starts are beautiful, so the eyes of my people. Beautiful also is the sun, beautiful also are the souls of my people† (Hughes, cited in Rampersad, 1988). Such poems were written in order to make black people like the color of their skin and their appearance, to remind them that they have beautiful and wise souls. â€Å"My seeking has been to explain and illuminate the Negro condition in America and obliquely that of all human kind" (Hughes, cited in Rampersad, 1988). Claude McKay is another interesting figure in Harlem

Discussion Question Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Question - Research Paper Example e community holds a right to assess the relative value of the health care institution in the light of its effect on the general health status within the community along with the contribution of the institute to the compassionate response to trauma, care for chronically ill people as well as disease. Any health care policy that fails to completely satisfy the needs and requirements of a group of people within the community will lead to demands of abolition of the policy by the community itself. Not only this, but the impact of the institute, passing the policy, on the individuals would also depreciate over time. The community prefers institutional arrangements that tend to protect the privacy of the values of the individuals. The Medicare program in Canada is a program that embodies the distinctive Canadian national values. Public opinion regarding this program has played a major role in shaping this health care institution. In this instance it was noticed that the general opinions gr ounded in values are â€Å"stickier† as compared to community opinions about the particular states of

Starting and Developing a New Venture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Starting and Developing a New Venture - Essay Example In the case of Haji he started Easy jet airliners after leaving Stelmar Tankers, his own shipping company by persuading Lucas to lend him ?5 million. He started Easy jet a low cost budget airline using two rented 737s and ?29 one-way fares to Glasgow. By starting Easy jet Haji was not bowing to the pressures of risk but took an imperative measure even though he had been charged earlier with counts of poor maintenance of his vessels and manslaughter. Moreover he started Easy jet by borrowing money. It is a known fact that borrowed money attracts interest and the principal money has to be paid and therefore it becomes, quite impossible to get promising returns in the first years of business. In his autobiography Richard Branson reckons that his passion in doing business is motivated by setting huge goals that are apparently unachievable, and staying focused to rise above them. This shows that Branson was aware of the risks involved in a huge venture when he set up Virgin Atlantics. Bes ides in 1993, Branson took the greatest risk by venturing into the railway business. This project was very costly and most people though he would not make it. It goes without taking that Branson and Haji took a partial path when it came to risks and only took the initiative of such ventures when they deemed them worthwhile in the long run. LOCUS OF CONTROL The locus of control is the power in the principle that one can formulate and implement things. Most entrepreneurs have a high locus but in most cases they are poor in delegating duties. They are upbeat when it comes to venturing into business. They tend to be more practical and positive about their business ventures. In 1993, Branson took what most people thought was a very risky:... Curiosity and creativity is the quintessence of entrepreneurism. New products, new solutions and new ways are the core of creativity and in general entrepreneurism. It is about willing to think of all possibilities and opening one’s mind to creative things through being inquisitive of what is going on in the globe and quite often generating a gimmick of stuff that suggests one’s ability to create new products that other people are afraid of thinking. Branson has been termed as one of the new generation of the creative world. He took products that were already in existence and made them look original. He has revolutionized the airline business by integrating it with other business ventures like the Virgin Fuels and Space tourism. Virgin Fuels was designed to respond to global warming and exploit the insistence spikes in fuel expenditures by offering a revolutionary, less costly fuel for machines and, in the near future, aircraft fuel. Branson stated that he was formerly a global skeptic and his decision was influenced by Al Gore.

Discussion Question Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Discussion Question - Research Paper Example e community holds a right to assess the relative value of the health care institution in the light of its effect on the general health status within the community along with the contribution of the institute to the compassionate response to trauma, care for chronically ill people as well as disease. Any health care policy that fails to completely satisfy the needs and requirements of a group of people within the community will lead to demands of abolition of the policy by the community itself. Not only this, but the impact of the institute, passing the policy, on the individuals would also depreciate over time. The community prefers institutional arrangements that tend to protect the privacy of the values of the individuals. The Medicare program in Canada is a program that embodies the distinctive Canadian national values. Public opinion regarding this program has played a major role in shaping this health care institution. In this instance it was noticed that the general opinions gr ounded in values are â€Å"stickier† as compared to community opinions about the particular states of

Why the road measures still fail and how can it be improved Research Paper

Why the road measures still fail and how can it be improved - Research Paper Example Road measures are organized safety processes intended at reducing the number and severity of road related crashes. Effective road measures systems provide information for selecting and implementing successful road safety strategies and projects. Different actors are involved in road safety measures; it is vital for their activities to be well coordinated to address the common problem in an integrated way. These actors include the road infrastructure element, which involves the guidelines and standards that manage the planning, design, construction, and operation of the road. Infrastructure component also includes the directional and traffic control signs, road side barriers, as well as signal and pavement markings (United States, 2004). The other actor involved in road safety measures is the vehicle component. In this component legislation, regulations and standards that govern the manufacture and maintenance of automobiles, buses, trucks, motorcycles, and their associated equipments are looked considered. The third actor is the user component. The road user component includes the regulation and public education that governs and provides information on the behavior of drivers, occupants, cyclists, as well as pedestrians (Transportation Research Board, 2002). The United States is missing noteworthy opportunities to lessen traffic fatalities and injuries. Most other high income countries are reducing traffic fatalities and fatality rates faster than in the United States. Some countries that experienced higher fatality rates than the U.S 20 years ago are now below the U.S rate. For instance, from 1995 to 2009, France declined its annual traffic fatality by 52 percent, Australia by 25 percent, United Kingdom by 39 percent but only 19 percent in the United States (United States, 2004) From the experience of these nations, for a national program to function

Tale of Two Cities Character Analysis Essay Example for Free

Tale of Two Cities Character Analysis Essay The sacrifice of one’s own life for the person they love is by far the ultimate sacrifice any human being can make. In A Tale of Two Cities, by Charles Dickens, Sydney Carton, a despondent and inebriate man, did exactly that. Through his sacrifice, he became the most memorable and dynamic character in this book. Sydney Carton was an unmotivated alcoholic who transformed his wasted and useless life by performing a selfless act of heroism. I am a disappointed drudge. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me, (Page 71). That was Sydney Carton’s abridged explanation for his disposition when he meets Charles Darnay. In the beginning, Carton is a lazy, alcoholic attorney who cares about nothing in life. He is self-undermining in that he has no confidence or volition and believes his life is an extreme waste. He is crude, frequently drunk, and melancholy. He feels he is stuck in the disappointed course of his once promising life, and has nothing worth giving anymore. Around the middle of the book, Sydney Carton makes a remarkable transformation into a man of profound merit. He professes his love to Lucie saying, For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything. I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you, (page 128). This scene marks a vital transition for Carton and lays the foundation and foreshadows the supreme sacrifice that he makes at the end of the novel. Lucie was the only one who thought there was a good person in Carton, and inadvertently succeeded in transforming him from depressed and dejected into a caring and altruistic man. Sydney Cartons promise to Lucie took him to the guillotine at the end of A Tale of Two Cities. He died for Darnay, which he believes is the greatest thing he could do to make his life significant. His death lets the woman he loves be happy. He quotes a verse from the bible saying, I am the resurrection and then life, saith the Lord; he that believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall never die; and whosoever liveth and believeth in me, shall never die. This verse becomes almost his theme of the rest of Carton’s changed outlook of life. Sydney Cartons resurrection from his concealed life by his love for Lucie is gained by giving up his life for her happiness. He goes to death with the satisfaction of knowing that his life now has meaning, which is what Carton was searching for throughout the novel. During his life he was unable to act in his own self-interest, but, paradoxically, he’s completely willing to sacrifice his own life so that another man may live to please the one he loves. Sydney Carton sacrificed his life for Lucie, the only person who made him feel his life had meaning—just like he had promised to her. He began as a drunken man with no purpose, but only in the sacrifice of his life did Carton establish his greatest worth. Essentially what makes him the most memorable and dynamic character of A Tale of Two Cities is this predominant resurrection. In that all that was good in him and his love for Lucie lives on in Darnay, and he is now defined not for what he was, but by his single greatest act.

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery

Effect of PRF After Mandibular Third Molar Surgery Post extraction wound healing and physiologic sequelae of third molar surgery can significantly affect the patient’s quality of life2. Various methods have been suggested to improve extraction socket healing and to minimize the postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery4,5. PRF is a second-generation platelet concentrate which is known to stimulate wound healing by releasing growth factors directly to the wound5,8,16,17. Recent studies demonstrated the PRF membrane has a very significant slow sustained release of key growth factors for at least 7 and up to 28 day13. Studies on PRF efficacy in enhancing wound healing have yielded differing results and also there is a divergence of opinion on the activity of PRF. Thus, there is the need for more studies to explore its use in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This study was therefore perceived to determine the effect, if any, that PRF has on postoperative sequelae and enhancement of bone healing after mandibular third molar s urgery. Patients and Methods The study sample consisted of 15 young adult volunteers 18 to 22 years old presenting with impacted mandibular third molars bilaterally and in similar positions. Patients using systemic drugs or presenting a medical history positive for any systemic pathology or a history of hypersensitivity to any component used in the methodology were not included. Each patient participated as a volunteer after signing an informed consent form on the study for extraction of impacted right and left mandibular third molars. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Ethics Committee prior to the commencement of the study. The following demographic information was collected: age, gender, occupation, marital status, and educational level. Furthermore, the position and type of impaction were recorded. The two operated sides in each patient were randomly divided into 2 study groups: extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar at first side whose socket was filled with blood clot and wound sutured (cont rol group), and extraction of an impacted mandibular third molar on the other side whose socket was filled with PRF gel and wound sutured (PRF group). A 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) with a score of 0 equals â€Å"no pain† and ten equals â€Å"very severe pain† was used to assess pain. Facial swelling was evaluated using a modification of the method described by Schultze-Mosgau et al9, and this entailed measuring the distances from the tragus to the oral commissure and tragus to the pogonion. The arithmetic sum of the two measurements was used to determine the facial swelling at the time point. The percentage facial swelling was calculated from the difference of the measurements made in the preoperative and postoperative periods divided by the value obtained in the preoperative period and multiplied by 100. (Swelling Postoperatively–Swelling Preoperatively) /Swelling Preoperatively X 100 Digital radiographs were used to evaluate changes in radiographic bone density for each extraction site. Three blinded dental professionals working independently evaluated all radiographs. RVG software was used for radiographic analysis. Radiographs were evaluated by three blinded dental professionals. The radiographs were assessed by obtaining the average density of three independent readings of the 3rd molar extraction socket sites. This was compared to the average of three density outlines of the adjacent tooth. When all radiographs for a patient were assessed, they were normalized to the original radiograph and the same untouched adjacent tooth. The baseline socket average was then subtracted from the normalized average for each tooth extraction socket at the different time points. The final, normalized socket value differences for each PRF-treated and non-PRF treated site for the various time points were compared. All radiographs were taken by a blinded, certified x-ray dental assistant. They were taken immediately post-operatively and at the following time after the day of surgery: 4th week, 8thweek and 12thweeks. Preparation of Platelet-Rich Fibrin PRF was prepared according to the technique described by Choukroun et al1. Twenty minutes before starting surgery, 10 mL of venous blood was collected in a sterilized dry, neutral glass tube without an anticoagulant. After immediate centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes, the platelet-poor plasma, which accumulated at the top, was discarded. PRF was removed approximately 2 mm below its connection to the red corpuscle beneath to include remaining platelets, which have been proposed to localize below the junction between PRF and the red corpuscle After 10 minutes, the gel was formed, and autologous PRF was applied immediately in the socket in the PRF group. Surgical Procedure- To standardize the surgical operations, all patients were operated by the same surgeon. The mandibular third molars of which the extraction sockets would receive PRF treatment were selected randomly before surgery and these molars were operated on first. After tooth extraction, the surgical area in the PRF group was isolated with gauze and the socket was filled with PRF gel. In the control group, the socket was not filled with PRF. The flap was repositioned by an interrupted suture with 3-0 silk suture. The patients received oral and written postoperative guidance, and follow-up was scheduled according to the study periods. Because only the bilateral mandibular third molars similarly impacted were selected for the study, there was no significant difference in the time and surgical trauma associated with surgical extractions. Immediately after the procedure, details of each procedure were recorded, including the duration of surgery in minutes (from the first incision to insertion of the last suture), and any intraoperative complications. Patients were then recalled at 1, 3, 7, and 14-day postoperative intervals. During such visits, data were recorded for postoperative pain,facial swelling and any untoward complications like infection and alveolar osteitis. Sutures were removed 7 days after surgical operation. Patients were also recalled at the 4th, 8th, and 12th week postoperatively for radiographic bone healing assessment. Results The mean age of the sample population was 21.40(range 18 to 35 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the age, gender, and type of impaction between both groups. In both groups, the mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following 14 days. The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) was higher for PRF group than control group at all-time points when compared with the control group and was not statistically significant (P The percentage facial swelling for the PRF group relative to baseline value was 2.55%, 2.22%, and 0.28% on postoperative days 1, 3, and 7 respectively, whereas it was 1.86%, 1.5%, and 0.29%, respectively, in the non- PRF(control) group for the same period. The percentage facial swelling was highest at postoperative day 1 and gradually reduced over the following days for both groups. The mean percentage swelling was also higher for the PRP group at all-time points when compared with the control. However this difference also was found to be not statistically significant. The mean bone density score was higher in the PRF group than the non-PRP group over a 12-week period; and the differences were found to be statistically significant. The results of the present study clearly show that the application of autologous PRF in surgical wounds after tooth extraction allows acceleration of bone healing, as indicated by data with statistical differences (p DISCUSSION This prospective study evaluated the performance of PRF gel when applied to fresh extraction sites. Third molar extractions are often used as a measurement tool for comparing treatments because they are usually performed electively on a younger population that do not present with significant medical problems (e.g., systemic pathologies, multiple medications). Therefore, this study is especially relevant for healthy 18 to 40 year old patients. This study evaluated the effect of PRF gel on postoperative pain, swelling and bone regeneration potential on third molar extraction sockets. The mean postoperative pain score (VAS) and swelling were higher for the PRF group at all-time points as compared with the control group, but the differences obtained were found to be statistically non-significant. This suggests that topical application of PRF may not improve the postoperative sequelae after third molar surgery. Choukroun et al5 in a case report found reduced pain and better mouth opening when topical PRF gel was used in molar extraction sockets ,in contrast to this we observed increased pain and swelling when topical PRF gel was used in 3rd molar extraction socket . Intra-oral digital radiographs taken of the individual surgical sites revealed that the effects of PRF were significantly beneficial (P 6,similarly reported that the PRF induced complete bone filling of a residual cystic cavity in 2 months 2 weeks, a much shorter period than 6 to 12 months of physiologic healing. Choukroun et al7 in a case series on maxillary sinus lifting operations, 3 cases were treated with PRF and freeze-dried bone allograft mixture and 6 cases with freeze-dried bone allograft alone. Histomorphometric results of this study showed that PRF and allograft mixture accelerated bone regeneration, allowing implant placement in 4 months after maxillary sinus lifting procedure. Furthermore, the amount of newly formed bone was equivalent to that achieved with an allograft alone 8 months after surgery. Diss et al10 reported promising results after placing PRF instead of bone graft under the sinus membrane during a closed-sinus lifting technique and demonstrated that an ave rage of 3.2 mm bone gain could be obtained in the sinus after 1-year follow-up. However the results of our study does not correspond with the study from Gà ¼rbà ¼zer et al17 who reported scintigraphically, that platelet-rich fibrin might not bring about promoted activity of osteoblasts in impacted mandibular third molar sockets in 1 or 4 week after extraction. Accelerated bone formation observed is in contrast to the drop in bone density seen at the control site before bone formation began to take place. It took approximately 6 weeks for the control sites to reach the same bone density that the PRF-treated site had reached by 4 weeks. The PRF-induced acceleration in bone formation may be due to the presence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) in PRF that stimulates mesenchymal stem cells to begin osteoblast differentiation and subsequent calcification12,14,18. The immediate start of bone formation seen with PRF treatment is of clinical relevance because it is the initial 2 weeks following bone manipulation in oral surgery that are important in preventing infection, loss of the blood clot and/or dry socket formation. Digital panoramic radiographs might have been a better choice than digital periapical radiographs, as the 2 surgical sites would be represented on 1 film, eliminating the need for normalization between the sites. The disadvantage of digital panoramic radiographs is that these films have a 20 to 25% distortion factor because it is an extra-oral film, as opposed to the intra-oral individual (periapical) radiographs.The digital periapical radiograph was chosen over the panoramic radiograph due to the lower distortion, which results from being in close proximity to the site being evaluated. The CT scans might have exhibited greater differences between the PRF treated sites and the control sites, had they been obtained. Similarly Digital substraction radiography and histomorphometry have provided more sensitive methods of assessing bone healing but are quite invasive and expensive especially in a resource limited environment. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that topical application of autologous PRF gel has a beneficial effect on the osseous healing of extraction sockets after third molar surgery but may not minimize the postoperative sequelae after 3rd molar surgery as its use was found to be associated with increased postoperative pain and swelling . However, a larger sample size in a multicenter study may be necessary before its routine use in extraction socket can be justified

Health and Safety in a Computer Room :: Workplace Health and Safety

Health and safety in a computer room is very important as the misuse of the computer room may lead to certain problems both physically and mentally. Using a computer for a long period of time can affect your health in different ways. The following report will contain details about the health and safety risks in using the computer and how to combat them, and a study of the Laws & Guidelines Health and Safety risks and ways to combat them 1. RSI- RSI stands for repetitive stain injury. Doing the same thing for a long time can cause this. 2. Eyestrain- this is when you look at a VDU screen for a long time. Particularly at looking at a flickering screen or in bad light of glare. 3. Stress- this occurs when you are too concentrated on something. It is the feeling of anxiety fear, anger, frustration and depression. 4. ELF radiation- Elf stands for extremely low frequency. Electro-magnetic fields cause this. VDU screens give out radiation at the back and sides. Pregnant women are at most at risk. 5. Lose wires- are a hazard as anyone may trip over the wires and fall over Ways to combat the mentioned problems 1. RSI- The risk of RSI can be minimised if a computer user is able to sit in a comfortable, upright position when working. To be able to do this they need adjustable chairs and tables, wrist pads, and footrests. 2. Eye strain- One way to avoid eyestrain is to look out of a window at a distant object every once in a while. 3. Stress- Do stress relieving exercises. 4.

The Divine Comedy: Dante Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Divine Comedy: Dante   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The character of Dante in The Divine Comedy who descended into the inferno caused me to stop and think about this awful place. As the reader I got to take an imaginary journey with Dante to a horrible place where I do not care about going. While Dante descended into hell I plan on ascending into heaven someday. Dante had a choice to make whether or not to get back on the right path. It came down to heaven or hell - choose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think it was willed for Dante to see this place while he was still living. By seeing hell while he was alive Dante could be sure and make the right choices to find his way back to the straight path. Being on the right path in his lifetime would ensure he would not spend eternity in such a miserable place. I believe the whole purpose of this journey into hell was to let Dante see the anguish there and choose. Perhaps this was a divine warning. In Canto 2, Beatrice, the symbol of Divine Love, an angelic spirit was sent to help aid Dante from his error and help him return back. This is purely love and compassion at its best. Sending someone into hell to rescue another person out of there. Great lengths were taken to help Dante return back to the straight way. I do not believe such action was taken if Dante was to end up in hell all along.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For some reason midway in Dante's life's journey he had gone astray and at this point was searching for...

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman

The Devil in the Shape of a Woman by Carol Karlsen (1987) astutely focuses attention upon the female as witch in colonial New England, thus allowing a discussion of broader themes regarding the role and position of women in Puritan society. Karlsen's work, which has been well-received, focuses on the position of accused witches as largely females placed in precarious social and economic positions, often because they stood to inherit, had inherited, or lost an inheritance in property.Karlsen departs from the idea that women accused of witchcraft were boisterous beggars, a depiction â€Å"tantamount to blaming the victim† (Nissenbaum) and instead points to these â€Å"inheriting women† as being socially vulnerable in a patriarchal culture. Karlsen's work is not merely of historical significance to the Salem outbreak of 1692. In fact, â€Å"that year remains something of an anomaly† (Nissenbaum) as one-third of the accused witches then were male compared to less tha n one-fifth of accusations made otherwise in colonial New England.Instead, Karlsen's study brings â€Å"women strongly back to center stage, locating them in a rich patriarchal matrix that integrates it with class and family. † (Nissenbaum). One reviewer notes that within this context, Karlsen offers significant insights. The first is a look at the â€Å"ambivalent assessment of women within New England's culture. † (Gildrie). Karlsen finds a scenario marked by its time and place in which women embodied the â€Å"Puritan ideal of women as virtuous helpmeets† (Boyer).In an odd duality, women were both the new stewards of God's spiritual leadership on earth, while subservient to a Medieval, misogynist gender role which largely placed their fate at the hands of men. Secondly, Karlsen focuses attention on the accusers and finds that they were engaged in a â€Å"fierce negotiation†¦ about the legitimacy of female discontent, resentment, and anger. † (Karl sen; see Gildrie). Accusations of witchcraft were often an outlet where this negotiation boiled over into violence, as men persecuted female neighbors who threatened an established, but precarious, social order.The crucial thesis on which much of the book rests is that witchcraft accusations were most often made against women who threatened the orderly transfer of land from father to son – a process at best fraught with tension and anxiety and at worst marked by the shift of scarce, valuable properties from one family to another by way of an intervening woman in a patriarchal inheritance system. The possessed girls played a dual role in this â€Å"symbolic cultural drama† in which they rebelled against the social role to which they had been predestined at birth by simultaneously acquiescing in that role by resisting the â€Å"witch. If nothing else, Karlsen's recent work proves that there is still room for substantial study and scholarship surrounding witchcraft, gend er, and other issues in colonial New England. One commentator writes, â€Å"Karlsen's study is provocative, wide-ranging, accessible, and frank. † (Lindholt). Another, that the book's â€Å"descriptions and analyses stand on their own as valuable contributions to our knowledge of witch lore and the ambiguous status of women in early New England. † (Gildrie).Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum, whose Salem Possessed set the standard for social histories of the outbreak in Salem, find that Karlsen's work is one of â€Å"formidable intellectual power† and â€Å"a major contribution to the study of New England witchcraft. † It places the central role of women as witches under the microscope and â€Å"for the first time as the subject of systemic analysis† a considerable 300 years after the events transpired. Karlsen's work is required reading for the student, scholar, or general reader seeking to understand and interpret the broad picture of colonial wit chcraft in New England.

Psychological Assessment and Testing Essay

Several websites that discuss psychological assessment and testing are scattered throughout the Internet. These psychological-based sites help students, experts and ordinary people to discern the basic concepts of psychology and recognize its various functions. One of the functions of psychological assessment and testing websites is to determine and somehow predict and pinpoint the possible psychological problem that an individual experienced. In this paper, two peer reviewed articles from two different websites devoted to psychology will be critically evaluated to illustrate the importance and role of psychological assessment and testing. The first website is www. apa. org, the title of the article is ‘How is Psychopathology Assessed in Older Adults? ’ The author of the article is the American Psychological Association. The problem deals specifically to the assessment of ‘older adults’ which are 65 years old and above. The authors list and identify several types of psychopathological assessment for older adults. The identification of the different types of assessment and test regarding the psychopathology in older adults help students, experts and other concerned individual understand the process and the meaning of the said assessments. The group hypothesize that dimensional type (age-based) of analysis is better than categorical type (illness-based) analysis in the case of older adults. The research design they used is a qualitative design. The methodology that they used is historical research wherein they analyze the data from previous works to find a generalization from deduction that can help in understanding the past, present and even future trends regarding the psychopathological assessment in older adults. They conducted their research through a comparison of the different screening measures used for older adults. The authors suggested that the Geriatric Depression Scale is the most useful due to the fact that it is age related, it can assess those who are cognitively impaired since it can either be oral or written and it is not depressive. They compared the BECK Anxiety Scale, the Geriatric Depression Scale, the Cage and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric version, the MMPI-2 test, the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test. The authors decided to find out which assessment is most applicable and helpful since no standard exist regarding the psychopathological assessment of adults. The second website is www. mental-health-matters. com, the article is entitled ‘Personality and Stress? ’ The author was Gillian Darby, a psychologist and affiliated to Get Mental Help, Inc. The research problem was concerned on the possible relationship between personality and stress. It was important to identify the relationship to help caution those people with a personality prone to stress regarding future problems and help them understand themselves better through stress-management activities. Darby hypothesize that those who posses type ‘A’ personality are more prone to stress. Darby further elaborates that hose with type ‘B’ personality were often less aggressive and are therefore less prone to stress. The research design that was used was a qualitative research. Using this research design, Darby tries to explore the connections that exist between type ‘A’ personality and stress. The methodology that the author used is data analysis to be able to formulate the pattern/s and principle/s involve. Darby used literature review and case study review. The author included a personality test in the article to help readers qualify their personality type. Therefore the article showed the possibility that psychological assessment of personality can affect stress levels which might also lead to stress-related illness such as heart diseases. Both websites and articles proved that indeed the use of psychological assessment and test are helpful and educational. Psychological assessments help individuals to evaluate themselves. Thus, the websites and articles can also be considered as self-help materials. Psychological assessments and testing are in themselves important in understanding oneself and promoting good health and healthy living since. Second Part The article ‘How is Psychopathology Assessed in Older Adults? ’ could help medical practitioners or concerned individuals identify the best or most applicable type of assessment for the older adult patient. Most specifically, the group believes that Geriatric Depression Scale is most useful due to its nature which is somehow considerate of the older adult’s psychological state. Nevertheless, whenever these type of assessment might not be applicable, several other test and scales are presented. The article can be helpful in assisting the patient with information regarding the Psychopathology of his illness or problem. The suggestion and study in the article can be treated to be of primary importance to the medical practitioner or attendant upon admission of the patient. In case that the Geriatric Depression Scale is not applicable to the patient, the article mentioned other relevant Psychopathological assessment scales and test. If possible the Geriatric Depression Scale can be use in conjunction with another scale or test to get a better view of the psychopathology of the patient. Particularly, the assessment recommended by the group is ‘most useful’ due to the fact that it tries to focus on the medical cause of the problems by eliminating depressive questions. Geriatric Depression Scale unlike other Psychopathology Scale is not lengthy and can be answered or done orally. This somehow helped the patient minimize the effort and stress that accompanies answering lengthy and technical assessment test. The second article is about ‘Personality and Stress’. In this article, the patient will be asked to answer a questionnaire or personality test which would determine whether he/she has a type â€Å"A† or a type â€Å"B† personality. A person who understands his/her situation and behavior would normally perform better than those who cannot acknowledge or is not aware of his or her behavior and personality. Thus, with the use of the personality test employ in the article, a person is able to check him/her self and the situation. The person might opt to try new types of defense mechanism against stress or the person might want to seek professional advice regarding management of stress. As a common knowledge, stress often times leads to heart diseases. Since the article affirms that people with type â€Å"A† personality are prone to stress, it prompts necessary actions to control or reduce the possibility of heart disease. The person might try low cholesterol diet or engage in regular exercise. According to article, studies revealed that those who has type â€Å"A† personality are less relaxed than those with type â€Å"B†. This shows that the treatment for stress in the two types of personality should also vary. A medical practitioner, a psychologist or a counselor will find it easier to prescribe treatment if the cause of the illness or the source of the illness is identified. A person who has personality problems may not be treated properly with medication alone if the person still receive the same stressors at work or at home (several work load, weather, pets, traffic, etc). In case that the person already has a heart disease, knowing the personality type can help the family and the patient understands the things that can worsen the situation. For instance, a patient can understand himself better and the reason why he felt stress out. The patient might try to avoid the things that made him lose his temper. The counselor can also administer the necessary advice for the patient, since a type â€Å"A† personality is usually aggressive and critical. References: American Psychological Association. ‘How is Psychopathology Assessed in Older Adults? ’ Retrieved on January 5, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. apa. org/pi/aging/practitioners/assessment05. html Darby, G. 2007. ‘Personality and Stress’ Retrieved on January 6, 2009 from the World Wide Web: http://www. mental-health-matters. com/articles/article. php? artID=1323

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Political Philosophy and Machiavelli Essay And if all men were good, this teaching would not be good; but because they are wicked and do not observe faith with you, you also do not have to observe it with them (69). Niccolo Machiavellis The Prince is arguably the most famous and controversial political science book of all time. Many think of Machiavelli as synonymous with evil. The father of the idea that the ends will always justify the means, the term Machiavellian has become connected with selfish, brutal, or immoral actions. Machiavelli has long been associated with totalitarianism, conquest, and tyranny. But is this label deserved? Is The Prince a book that expresses evil? Many argue that Machiavelli is not a teacher of evil, but bases his teachings on a pragmatic realism that has long been a part of politics. He would certainly not be the first to have such a view, and he is certainly not the last. In promoting his realistic view of power and politics, Machiavelli does not teach evil, instead, he uses necessity and practicality as the criteria in which his thought is based on. In this way we see that he does not put the matter of good or evil as a priority in his actions, but uses practical methods to make his choice in each instance as to what is necessary and beneficial. Through the exploration of the basis for Machiavellis treatment of ethics and his agenda for writing The Prince we see that his teachings are not evil, but based on political pragmatism and necessity. He himself makes it clear as he advises the Prince on how to be able to do what is necessary whether it is good or evil. And so he needs to have a spirit to change as the winds of fortune and variations of things commanded him, and as I said above, not depart from good, when possible, but know how to enter into evil, when forced by necessity (70). Machiavelli treats morality and prudence not as guides for a Prince, but as tools to use for political gain. In this way we see that Machiavelli is not preaching evil, which would be to encourage the opposite of virtue and morality, but to use them in different ways depending on the situation. Virtue is a key concept when discussing moral living and actions, and vice is the opposite of virtue. The concepts of virtue and vice are age-old ideas ingrained within human society. But the traditional view of virtue and vice, laid out by such thinkers as Aristotle and Plato, is changed to fit the pursuit of power in Machiavellians The Prince. Classic virtue comes from a criterion based on just and beneficial interaction, while pursuing an end, within a civil society. This interaction can involve the impact of an individual on another individual, a citizen and a state, or even an impact an individual has upon himself. Thus a man who sacrifices his life to save his friend, city, or beliefs is thought of as virtuous. On the other hand the reciprocal of this action would be vice, a man who sacrifices his friend, city or beliefs to preserve his life may be viewed as possessing a vice. Virtue finds its anchor in morality and ethics, and upholds that, it is focused on preserving qualities like justice and harmony. The change in the Machiavellian code of morality comes as a result as result of an entire shift in what the foundation of this morality is built on, namely the ends being pursued. The Machiavellian concept of virtue not only divorces virtue completely from its ethical foundation, but places it on a foundation of ability to execute what is necessary in order to achieve what is desired. In this case what is desired is power, which is to be strictly maintained and used to achieve glorious ends, whatever they may be. From this foundation of the pursuit and maintenance of power comes the Machiavellian outlook on everything else, and is the reason in which he is able to separate ethics from politics. Morality in its classical sense would only serve to get in the way of power and prudence; it creates unnecessary dilemmas between what is politically necessary and morally correct, interfering with being a wise ruler. Therefore the Prince must take the necessary actions regardless of their moral ramifications. ? [If] one considers everything well, one will find something that appears to be virtue, which if pursued would be ones ruin, and something else appears to be vice, which if pursued results in ones security and well-being (62). Machiavelli removes the foundation of prudence and virtue from morality, and reinterprets them in regards to necessity and power. Correct policy within The Prince is based on the Machiavellian conception of virtue and prudence. Stemming from this, Machiavelli at times refers to virtue and prudence in their classical definitions, pertaining to high morality, and just actions. But at other times in The Prince, he refers to them as directly pertaining to the proper execution of power. For example he often compares a rulers success, not morality, with virtue. No matter how brutal the ruler, if he is able to hold power well then he is virtuous. Prudence is thought of as being careful, observant and logical in the classical sense. But Machiavelli uses it to describe a ruler who is very sharp, decisive, and makes the correct choices. A prudent lord, therefore, cannot observe faith, nor should he, when such observance turns against him, and causes that made him promise have been eliminated (69). It therefore would be prudent for a ruler to massacre a rebellion, if it meant the ultimate preservation of power. In this case necessity calls for action, even if those actions go against classical morality. A ruler, who has correct judgment and knows what is the best course of action, would take the proper measures to stop the rebellion and pay no attention to the morality of his actions. The ends in this case change the conception of the codes in which the means are to be judged by; no longer is the end such universally beneficial ideas of peace and justice, but power and conquest. Virtue and prudence to Machiavelli hold meaning only in the sense of ability and accomplishment. To Machiavelli cunning would be a virtue, as would decisiveness while wielding power. A vice for a ruler would be stupidity, or ignorance of ones own subjects. Something that is virtuous in the classical sense would only be followed if it were deemed compatible with the situation, and did not in anyway undermine the ends being pursued. The Machiavellian view is based on and around a realism seen in politics and history, and is amoral. The entire intent of the book was to write a pragmatic and realistic approach to dealing with power, not a lesson in high virtue and morality. He states, But since my intent is to write something useful to whoever understands it, it has appeared to me more fitting to go directly to the effectual truth of the thing than to the imagination of it (61). He finds that necessity is what guides most actions. ? [Because] men will always turn out bad for you unless they have been made good by a necessity(95). A military training manual written on the best way to execute killing would not go into a debate on whether or not killing is right or wrong. The manual would be almost amoral and not go into the debate, those who have already settled that debate in their minds would read it, and the same follows for The Prince. One should not associate the teachings of The Prince as something that Machiavelli himself feels is moral, just and proper, but rather what history has shown to be the ideal and efficient way to handle power. Survivor in the political world creates certain necessities, and forces individuals to undertake certain actions in order to ensure success. ? [for] it is so far from how one lives to how one should live that he who lets go of what is done for what should be done learns his ruin rather than his preservation (61). The purpose of The Prince is not a guide to being a moral Prince, but how to abide by necessity and pragmatism. Just as a purpose of the war manual would not be the ethics of killing. The manual would not debate war as a just or unjust means to an end, but instead would accept it as reality, and try to approach it with the same harsh reality. In fact the entire purpose of The Prince was to serve as a guide to restore Italy to greatness, a path that can only be achieved by power. He uses examples from throughout history of rulers who acted successfully when faced with a situation, drawing from these examples he shows the correct actions that a Prince should follow. There is no room for being a virtuous and honest ruler, as it will be at odds with the reality of political life. Because he uses realistic examples from history, we see his true pragmatic nature; his ultimate goal is the achievement of his ends, not the correct actions. Machiavelli uses the actions of past rulers whether or not they are just, as long as they prove successful for the ends being pursued. Machiavelli himself states that he has taken a realist approach, and outlines the reason as to why he has taken this approach, as being necessary and efficient. If one were to examine the way in which Machiavelli looks towards allowing freedom towards his subjects, or the treatment of honesty toward his subjects, one would conclude that Machiavelli himself was not in favor of these things. It would be a mistake to reach this conclusion, it is not so much that he is against freedom or truth, but he realizes that these things will damage and undermine ones power the goal and focus of The Prince. For a man who wants to make a profession of good in all regards must come to ruin among so many who are not good (61). Machiavelli is not favoring things that we would view as brutality, deception and in many cases evil; instead he is using them as tools in an act to obtain what he desires. Machiavelli spends much time on the behavior that a Prince should follow in order to be successful. Although Machiavelli goes through many different traits and practices a ruler should follow, the two that he deems very necessary are to be loved and to be feared. Machiavelli stresses that a ruler should seek to be loved, but above all make sure that he is not hated, because if he is hated it will ultimately be his undoing. This follows the Machiavellian line of pragmatism and necessity; it is not motivated by a lust for evil or deceit, but is something that many people who are appalled by his amorality would agree with. If Machiavelli were a teacher of evil he would never make such a statement. A leader who is feared will ultimately deter any action against him by his ability to control the actions of the people with his fear. . Morality will only serve to hamper a princes abilities. This has to be understood: that a prince, especially a new prince, cannot observe all those things for which a men are held good, since he is often under a necessity, to maintain his state, of acting against faith, against charity, against humanity, against religion. And so he needs to have a spirit disposed to change as the winds of fortune an variations of things command him? (70). The most efficient way to deal with a problem is usually not the moral way, and Machiavelli time and time again points to this as the reason in which he chooses the path he does. His book is not for idealists, and as he states idealists rarely accomplish what they want. His book is for the guidance of a Prince towards power, and the ability to maintain that power. All of these things follow the strict Machiavellian criteria of necessity for power. Whether these things are good or evil in our eyes is not the topic of discussion for Machiavelli, therefore it does not concern him, what he seeks is the necessary actions to gain and maintain power. Hence it is necessary to a prince, if he wants to maintain himself, to learn to be able not to be good, and to use this and not use it according to necessity (61). This doctrine of pragmatism within The Prince was not invented by Machiavelli, one can look at it as merely an expression of the practical political ideas of his time, and perhaps forever. We see that Machiavelli puts forth an ethics of political convenience. It does not hold to or allow itself to be hampered by morality, virtue, or Christian values, but allows them only when opportune and beneficial. The Princes doctrine supports actions including murder, deceit, and betrayal given that the Prince will benefit from it. The ethics found within Machiavelli is entirely based upon a realistic outlook upon the political world and caters to political convenience. To Machiavelli this moral code of convenience and pragmatism is a political necessity. He states that when it is politically necessary to act in accordance with a vice then one must do so in the interest of power. And furthermore one should not care about incurring the fame of those vices without which it is difficult to save ones state? (62). He holds that the world will swallow up idealists, and that it is unrealistic to expect someone to exercise morality when dealing with a political situation, or their enemies. Through the exploration of the basis for Machiavellis treatment of ethics and his agenda for writing The Prince we see that his teachings are not evil, but based on political pragmatism and necessity. Machiavelli treats morality and prudence not as guides for a Prince, but as tools to use for political gain. By removing the foundation of prudence and virtue from morality, he reinterprets them in regards to necessity and power. The amoral Machiavellian view centers on a realism seen in politics and history. The entire purpose of The Prince is not a guide to being a morally, but a guide to necessity and pragmatism. This doctrine of pragmatism within The Prince was not invented by Machiavelli, but used masterfully by him to craft a powerful instructional book on power. The concept of morality is not attacked or thrown away, but put aside and only referred to or used when necessary. In the real world few will be honest, or moral, so it becomes necessary for one to also set these things aside as it will conflict with ones ends. This is the reality of politics and Machiavelli recognizes this and refers to it many times in the book as the reason to why he chooses the path he does and not out of evil or some wish for deceitful actions. Political reality deems his method necessary, thus it is a realistic and pragmatic way to approach the subject.